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Notes

1 Gopinath, G. 2019. “The World Economy: 11 Mbaye, S. and M. Moreno Badia. 2019.
Synchronized Slowdown, Precarious “New Data on Global Debt”. IMFBlog
Outlook”. IMFBlog post. 15 October 2019. post. 02 January 2019. https://blogs.imf.
https://blogs.imf.org/2019/10/15/the- org/2019/01/02/new-data-on-global-debt/
world-economy-synchronized-slowdown-
precarious-outlook/ 12 Bloomberg. 2019. “China’s Debt Ratio Is
Growing as Its Economy Loses Steam”.
2 OECD Data. Quarterly GDP – Total, Percent Bloomberg News. 16 July 2019. https://www.
change same period, previous year. https:// bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-16/
data.oecd.org/gdp/quarterly-gdp.htm china-s-debt-growth-keeps-marching-on-as-
economy-loses-pace
3 IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2019.
World Economic Outlook, October 2019: 13 Faria-e-Castro, M. 2019. “Corporate Debt
Global Manufacturing Downturn, Rising Since the Great Recession”. On the Economy
Trade Barriers. Washington, DC: IMF. blog post. 13 August 2019. Federal Reserve
https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/ Bank of St. Louis. https://www.stlouisfed.
Issues/2019/10/01/world-economic-outlook- org/on-the-economy/2019/august/corporate-
october-2019 debt-great-recession
4 WTO (World Trade Organization). WTO 14 IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2019.
Data Portal: Total merchandise exports and Global Financial Stability Report: Lower for
imports – quarterly (Million US dollar). https:// Longer. October 2019. https://www.imf.org/
data.wto.org/, accessed 07 January 2020. en/Publications/GFSR/Issues/2019/10/01/
global-financial-stability-report-october-
5 WTO (World Trade Organization). World 2019#FullReport
Trade Statistical Review 2019. Geneva: WTO.
https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/ 15 Adrian, T. and F. Natalucci. 2019. “Lower for
wts2019_e/wts19_toc_e.htm Longer: Rising Vulnerabilities May Put Growth
at Risk”. IMFBlog post. 16 October 2019.
6 IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2019. https://blogs.imf.org/2019/10/16/lower-for-
Transcript of International Monetary Fund longer-rising-vulnerabilities-may-put-growth-
Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva’s at-risk/
Opening Press Conference, 2019 Annual
Meetings. 17 October 2019. https://www.imf. 16 Bloomberg. Rates & Bonds. https://www.
org/en/News/Articles/2019/10/17/tr101719- bloomberg.com/markets/rates-bonds,
transcript-managing-director-kristalina- accessed 03 January 2020.
georgieva-press-conference-2019-annual-
meetings 17 Ibid.

7 World Bank Open Data. “Foreign 18 ECB (European Central Bank). 2019. Interest
direct investment, net inflows (BoP, rates – Deposit facility. Effective from 18
current US$) - Euro area, World, United September 2019. https://www.ecb.europa.
States, China, Japan.” https://data. eu/home/html/index.en.html
worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.
CD.WD?end=2018&locations=XC-1W-US- 19 Bank of Japan. 2019. The Bank’s Market
CN-JP&start=2002, accessed 15 December Operations – Interest Rate Applied to the
2019. Complementary Deposit Facility. https://
www.boj.or.jp/en/index.htm/, accessed 15
8 Ibid. December 2019.

9 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co- 20 ECB (European Central Bank). 2019. “Euro
operation and Development). 2019. Business Area Banks: The Profitability Challenge”.
confidence index (BCI). https://data.oecd.org/ Keynote speech by Luis de Guindos, Vice-
leadind/business-confidence-index-bci.htm, President of the ECB, at the ABI annual
accessed 03 January 2020. conference “Banking Union and Basel III – risk
and supervision 2019”. 25 June 2019. https://
10 IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2019. IMF www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2019/
DataMapper Database, “General government html/ecb.sp190625~6d33411cff.en.html
gross debt – Percent of GDP”. https://www.
imf.org/external/datamapper/GGXWDG_ 21 EBA (European Banking Authority). 2019.
NGDP@WEO/CHN/FRA/DEU/IND/GBR/USA/ “Low Profits and High Costs Remain a
JPN/AUS/BRA/CAN/IDN/ITA/KOR/MEX/ Key Challenge for the EU Banking Sector”.
RUS/SAU/ESP/CHE/NLD/TUR, accessed 15 Press Release, 04 October 2019. https://
December 2019. eba.europa.eu/low-profits-and-high-costs-
remain-a-key-challenge-for-the-eu-banking-
sector

26 The Fraying Fundamentals